Athlete activism: advancing socio-political causes at mega sporting events

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21153/psj2023vol9no3art1720

Keywords:

Athlete Activism, Self-Presentation, Persona, Mediatisation, Intercommunication

Abstract

Highly mediated, mega-sporting events provide opportunities for elite athletes to use their prominent status to elicit social change. However, with expectations and policies in place to regulate behaviour that prevents athletes from making political statements, athlete activists face risks. An examination of the 2018 Commonwealth Games highlighted two athletes who used their personal reputation whilst at this highly mediated global sporting event to raise the visibility of societal issues. Through the lens of persona studies, this research examined how these athlete celebrities crafted individualised narratives through internetworked platforms of new and traditional media to demonstrate forms of athlete citizenship. This research illustrates how athletes can become co-creators of the social cause narrative, demonstrating how valuable athletes can be in amplifying the core values of major sporting events by reinforcing a fluid form of intercommunication.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

  • Sharyn McDonald, Deakin University

    Dr Sharyn McDonald
    Honorary Fellow
    School of Communication & Creative Arts, Faculty of Arts & Education
    Deakin University

References

ABC News 2018, ‘Paralympian and advocate @KurtFearnley says …’, @abcnews, Twitter, 25 April, retrieved 12 May 2018, https://twitter.com/abcnews/status/989349124897099777

ABC News 2022, ‘Vladimir Putin signs law expanding Russia’s rules against ‘LGBT propaganda’, ABC News, retrieved 8 February 2023, https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-12-06/vladimir-putin-signs-law-against-lgbt-expression/101736890

Abdul-Jabbar, K 2015, ‘Why Athletes Use Their Platform to Effect Change Off the Field’, Time, 19 November, retrieved 23 March 2018, http://time.com/4119949/why-athletes-use-their-platform-to-effect-change-off-the-field/

Abidin, C 2015, ‘Communicative Intimacies: Influencers and Perceived Interconnectedness’, Ada: A Journal of Gender, New Media & Technology, vol. 8, pp.1-16, DOI: 10.7264/N3MW2FFG

Agyemang, KJA 2014, ‘Toward a framework of “athlete citizenship” in professional sport through authentic community stakeholder engagement’, Sports, Business and Management, vol. 4, no. 1, pp.26-37, https://doi.org/10.1108/SBM-12-2011-0088

Agyemang, KJA, Singer, JN & Weems, AJ 2020, ‘‘Agitate! Agitate! Agitate!’: Sport as a site for political activism and social change’, Organization, vol. 27, no. 6, pp. 952–968, https://doi.org/10.1177/1350508420928519

Agyemang, KJA & Williams, AS 2016, ‘Managing celebrity via impression management on social network sites: An exploratory study of NBA celebrities’, Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 440-459. https://doi.org/10.1108/SBM-07-2015-0021

Bardocz-Bencsik, M, Begović, M & Tamás Dóczi, T 2021, ‘Star athlete ambassadors of sport for development and peace’, Celebrity Studies, vol. 12, no. 3, pp.407-422. DOI: 10.1080/19392397.2019.1639525

BBC News 2018, Tom Daley and Dustin Lance Black say they will raise son in the UK, BBC News, 24 October, retrieved 24 October 2018, https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-43561118

BBC Sport 2018, ‘Commonwealth Games: Tom Daley calls in nations to decriminalise homosexuality’, BBC Sport, 13 April, retrieved 14 May 2018, https://www.bbc.com/sport/commonwealth-games/43750056

BiographyMask.com 2023, Tom Daley – Updated Mar 23, BiographyMask.com, 26 March, retrieved 27 March 2023, https://biographymask.com/tom-daley/

Boykoff, J 2017, ‘Protest, Activism, and the Olympic Games: An Overview of Key Issues and Iconic Moments’, The International Journal of the History of Sport, vol. 34, no. 3-4, pp. 162-183, https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2017.1356822

British LGBT Awards n.d., 2017 British LGBT Awards Winners, British LGBT Awards, retrieved 7 June 2018, http://britishlgbtawards.com/winners/2017-winners/

British Swimming n.d., Tom Daley / diver, British Swimming, retrieved 7 June 2018., https://www.britishswimming.org/athlete-swimming-profiles/diving-team-profiles/tom-daley/

Brockington, D 2009, Celebrity and the environment: fame, wealth and power in conservation, Zed Books, London.

— 2014, ‘The production and construction of celebrity advocacy in international development’, Third World Quarterly, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 88-108, https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2014.868987

Butterworth, ML 2014, ‘Social media, sport, and democratic discourse: A rhetorical invitation’, in AC Billings & M Hardin (eds.), Routledge Handbook of sport and new media, Routledge, New York, pp. 99-126.

Castells, M 2009, Communication power, Oxford University Press, New York.

Commonwealth Games Australia 2018, 2018 Australian Commonwealth Games Team Membership Agreement – Athlete, Commonwealth Games Australia, Commonwealth Games Australia, retrieved 5 March 2018, http://commonwealthgames.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2018-AUSTRALIAN-COMMONWEALTH-GAMES-TEAM-AGREEMENT-Athlete-Final.pdf

Commonwealth Games Federation 2017, Constitutional Documents of the Commonwealth Games Federation, Commonwealth Games Federation, retrieved 27 May 2018, https://thecgf.com/sites/default/files/2018-03/constitution.pdf

Commonwealth Games Federation 2018, Transformation 2022. The Commonwealth Games Federation Strategic Plan 2015-2022, Commonwealth Games Federation, retrieved 27 May 2018, https://thecgf.com/sites/default/files/2018-03/Transformation-2022_updateJul15_0.pdf

Connolly, J 2018, ‘Boris Johnson promises Tom Daley he’ll raise LGBT rights with Commonwealth’, BBC News, 18 April, retrieved 24 October 2018, http://www.bbc.com/news/newsbeat-43797566

Cooper, JN, Macaulay, C & Rodriguez, SH 2019, ‘Race and Resistance: A Typology of African American Sport Activism’, International Review for the Sociology of Sport, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 151–81, https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690217718170

Couldry, N & Hepp, A 2013, ‘Conceptualizing mediatization: Contexts, traditions, arguments’, Communication Theory, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 191–202, DOI:10.1111/comt.12019

Craw, V 2018, ‘British diver Tom Daley highlights gay rights during Commonwealth Heads of Government week’, Gold Coast Bulletin, 18 April, retrieved 14 May 2018, https://www.goldcoastbulletin.com.au/sport/commonwealth-games/british-diver-tom-daley-highlights-gay-rights-during-commonwealth-heads-of-government-week/news-story/5a2d905d01fd1a905a73982e291ccd37

Cunningham, GB & Regan, MR 2011, ‘Political activism, racial identity and the commercial endorsement of athletes’, International Review for the Sociology of Sport, vol. 47, no. 6, pp. 657 – 669, https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690211416358

Cunningham, GB, Dixon, MA, Singer, JN, Oshiro, KF, Ahn, NY & Weems, A 2021, ‘A Site to Resist and Persist: Diversity, Social Justice, and the Unique Nature of Sport’, Journal of Global Sport Management, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 30-48, DOI: 10.1080/24704067.2019.1578623

Daley, T 2023, Tom Daley, YouTube, retrieved 26 March 2023, https://www.youtube.com/user/tvtomdaley/featured

Driessens, O 2013, ‘The celebritization of society and culture: Understanding the structural dynamics of celebrity culture’, International Journal of Cultural Studies, vol. 6, pp. 641-657, https://doi.org/10.1177/1367877912459140

Duffy, BE & Hund, E 2015, ‘“Having it all” on social media: Entrepreneurial femininity and self-branding among fashion bloggers’, Social Media + Society, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 1-11, https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305115604337

Fearnley, K 2018a, ‘Goodbye, Green and Gold’, AthletesVoice, 4 April, retrieved 12 May 2018.

— 2018b, ‘If you have a minute, it was great to share’ @kurtfearnley, Twitter, 15 April, retrieved 12 May 2018, https://twitter.com/kurtfearnley/status/985724788814495744

— 2018c, ‘Please remember that @GC2018 has been the most inclusive event…’, @kurtfearnley, Twitter, 15 April, retrieved 12 May 2018, https://twitter.com/kurtfearnley/status/985701447420428288

— 2018d, ‘To Every Single One of You, Thanks’, AthletesVoice, 16 April, retrieved 12 May 2018.

— 2022, Kurt Fearnley, retrieved 27 March 2023, http://www.kurtfearnley.com

Fields, SK 2016, Game Faces: Sport Celebrity and the Laws of Reputation, University of Illinois Press, Champaign, Illinois.

Finlay, CJ 2018, ‘National Proxy 2.0: Controlling the Social Media of Olympians Through National Identification’, Communication & Sport, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 131–153. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167479516684756

Frandsen, K 2019, Sport and Mediatization. Routledge, Milton, United Kingdom.

Goffman, E 1959, The presentation of self in everyday life, Anchor Books, Doubleday. New York.

GOLDOC 2018a, (Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games Corporation) , About, retrieved 14 May 2018. https://gc2018.com/about

— 2018b, (Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games Corporation), Approach to Human Rights, Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games Corporation, retrieved 14 May 2018, https://gc2018.com/sites/default/files/2018-08/GC2018 Approach to Human Rights and Post-Games report – August 2018.pdf

— 2018c, (Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games Corporation), The Games, retrieved 14 May 2018. https://gc2018.com/games

Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia 2018, The Queen’s Birthday 2018 Honours List, Officer (AO) in the General Division of the Order of Australia, 11 June, retrieved 24 March 2023, https://www.gg.gov.au/sites/default/files/2020-02/qb18_-_gazette_-_o_of_a.pdf

Hambrick, ME, Simmons, JM, Greenhalgh, GP & Greenwell, TG 2010, ‘Understanding Professional Athletes’ Use of Twitter: A Content Analysis of Athlete Tweets’, International Journal of Sport Communication, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 454-471. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.3.4.454

Harris, R 2021, ‘Out-and-proud diver’s words as important as his medal-winning performance – Britain’s Tom Daley is not the first gay man to compete nor win gold at the Olympics. But some moments are packed with real meaning’, The Age, The/The Sunday Age, 27 July, retrieved 4 August 2021.

Hartmann, D 2003, Race, Culture, and the Revolt of the Black Athlete. The 1968 Olympic Protest and their Aftermath, The University of Chicago Press, London.

— 2016, ‘A New Era of Athlete Awareness and Advocacy’, The Society Pages, 27 July, retrieved 23 March 2018, https://thesocietypages.org/editors/2016/07/27/a-new-era-of-athlete-awareness-and-advocacy/

Highfield, T & Leaver, T 2015, ‘A methodology for mapping Instagram hashtags’, First Monday, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 1-11, DOI: 10.5210/fm.v20i1.5563

Hjarvard, S 2013, The mediatization of culture and society, Routledge, New York.

Hull, K 2014, ‘A Hole in One (Hundred Forty Characters): A Case Study Examining PGA Tour Golfers’ Twitter Use During the Masters’, International Journal of Sport Communication, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 245-260. DOI: 10.1123/IJSC.2013-0130

Hutchins, B 2011, ‘The Acceleration of Media Sport Culture’, Information, Communication and Society, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 237 -257, https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2010.508534

Hutchins, B & Rowe, R 2012, Sport Beyond Television: The Internet, Digital Media and the Rise of Networked Media Sport, Routledge, London.

International Olympic Committee 2018, Olympic Charter, International Olympic Committee, retrieved 24 October 2018, https://stillmed.olympic.org/media/Document Library/OlympicOrg/General/EN-Olympic-Charter.pdf#_ga=2.157055805.701744293.1558950518-1412120900.1558950518

— 2022, London 2012: a spectacular show of equality, growth and innovation, retrieved 25 January 2023, https://olympics.com/ioc/news/london-2012-a-spectacular-show-of-equality-growth-and-innovation

International Paralympic Committee n.d., Classification explained, retrieved 24 October 2018, https://www.paralympic.org/classification

Jeffery, N 2017 ‘Australia needs to pay up if it wants gold medals’, The Australian, 23 May, retrieved 1 August 2018, https://www.theaustralian.com.au/sport/australia-needs-to-pay-up-if-it-wants-gold-medals/news-story/7feafe1b4551784e8222969edf23d110

Jones, K 2018, Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games by numbers [media release], Queensland Government, 1 May, retrieved 3 April 2019, http://statements.qld.gov.au/Statement/2018/5/1/gold-coast-2018-commonwealth-games-by-numbers

Kaufman, P & Wolff, EA 2010, ‘Playing and Protesting: Sport as a Vehicle for Social Change’, Journal of Sport and Social Issues, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 154 – 175, https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723509360218

Lebel, K & Danylchuk, K 2012, ‘How Tweet It Is: A Gendered Analysis of Professional Tennis Players’ Self-Presentation on Twitter’, International Journal of Sport Communication, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 461-480. DOI:10.1123/ijsc.5.4.461

Lines, G 2001, ‘Villains, fools or heroes? Sports stars as role models for young people’, Leisure Studies, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 285-303, https://doi.org/10.1080/02614360110094661

Lundby, K 2014, Mediatization of communication, De Gruyter Mouton, Berlin.

McGarry, A 2018, ‘Commonwealth Games: Wheelchair racing legend Kurt Fearnley gives his all one more time, going out with the gold’, ABC News, 15 April, retrieved 24 October 2018, http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-04-15/last-turn-of-wheel-brings-kurt-fearnleys-career-fairytale-close/9657798

McGillivray, D 2014, ‘Digital cultures, acceleration and mega sporting event narratives’, Leisure Studies, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 96-109. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2013.841747

Mandle, C 2018, ‘“My husband is blacklisted from Russia”: Tom Daley felt too unsafe to visit the World Cup nation after he came out’, ShortList, 4 July, retrieved 24 October 2018, https://www.shortlist.com/entertainment/sport/interview-tom-daley-pride-coming-out-gay-lgbt-dustin-lance-black-russia/364487

Manzella, S 2018, ‘Tom Daley wore a rainbow flag pin to accept a medal in Russia. “Representing on the podium!”’, LogoTV, 8 May, retrieved 25 January 2023, https://www.logotv.com/news/y0tm8f/tom-daley-rainbow-pin-russia-award

Marshall, PD 2010, ‘The promotion and presentation of the self: celebrity as marker of presentational media’, Celebrity Studies, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 35-48, https://doi.org/10.1080/19392390903519057

— 2013, ‘Personifying agency: The public-persona-place-issue continuum’, Celebrity Studies, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 369-371, https://doi.org/10.1080/19392397.2013.831629

— 2014a, Celebrity and Power: Fame in Contemporary Culture, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.

— 2014b, ‘Persona studies: Mapping the proliferation of the public self’, Journalism, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 153-170, https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884913488720

Marshall, PD, Moore, C & Barbour, K 2020, Persona Studies: An Introduction, Wiley Blackwell, Boston.

Marwick, AE & boyd, d 2010, ‘I tweet honestly, I tweet passionately: Twitter users, context collapse, and the imagined audience’, New Media Society, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 114-133, DOI: 10.1177/1461444810365313

Moore, C, Barbour, K & Lee, K 2017, ‘Five Dimensions of Online Persona’, Persona Studies, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1-13, https://doi.org/10.21153/ps2017vol3no1art658

O’Halloran, K 2018, ‘Cheering on their own team’: how the Gold Coast has welcomed LGBTI athletes’, The Guardian, 12 April. Retrieved 14 May 2018.

Palmer, C 2019, ‘Charity, social justice and sporting celebrity foundations’, Celebrity Studies. DOI: 10.1080/19392397.2019.1691029

Pegoraro, A 2010, ‘Look Who’s Talking – Athletes on Twitter: A Case Study’, International Journal of Sport Communication, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 501-514. DOI: 10.1123/ijsc.3.4.501

Peter Tatchell Foundation (PTF) 2018, ‘As athletes gather for the start of #Commonwealth Games’, @PT_Foundation, Twitter, 4 April, retrieved 12 May 2018, https://twitter.com/PT_Foundation/status/981427418392072198

Queensland Police 2018, ‘A perfect 10 for @TomDaley1994 today!’, @QldPolice, Twitter, 8 April, retrieved 12 May 2018, https://twitter.com/QldPolice/status/982900750891143168

Reichart Smith, L & Sanderson, J 2015, ‘I’m Going to Instagram It! An Analysis of Athlete Self-Presentation on Instagram’, Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 342-358. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2015.1029125

Robinson, N 2018, ‘It is a criminal offence to be’, @bbcnickrobinson, Twitter, 20 April, retrieved 12 May 2018, https://twitter.com/bbcnickrobinson/status/987378263344467968

Ronay, B 2021, ‘Tom Daley takes 10m diving bronze and uses platform for LGBTQ+ awareness’, The Guardian, 7 August, retrieved 25 January 2023, https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/aug/07/tom-daley-takes-bronze-in-platform-diving-final-at-tokyo-olympics

Schmidt, SH, Frederick, EL, Pegoraro, A & Spencer, TC 2019, ‘An analysis of Colin Kaepernick, Megan Rapinoe, and the national anthem protests’, Communication & sport, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 653-677, https://doi.org/10.1177/2167479518793625

Schmittel, A & Sanderson, J 2015, ‘Talking about Treyvon in 140 characters: Exploring NFL players’ tweets about the George Zimmerman verdict’, Journal of Sport and Social Issues, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 332-345, https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723514557821

Senft, TN 2008, Camgirls: Celebrity and community in the age of social networks, Peter Lang Publishing, New York.

Shorten, B 2022, Kurt Fearnley to Lead NDIA Board, [media release], Ministers for the Department of Social Services, 22 September, retrieved 27 March 2023, https://ministers.dss.gov.au/media-releases/9176

Smith, B, Bundon, A & Best, M, 2016, ‘Disability sport and activist identities: A qualitative study of narratives of activism among elite athletes’ with impairment’, Psychology of Sport & Exercise, vol. 26, pp. 139-148, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2016.07.003

Smith, B & McGannon, KR 2017, ‘Developing rigor in qualitative research: problems and opportunities within sport and exercise psychology’, International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 101-121. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2017.1317357

Statista 2018, Average number of friends, contacts or followers on social networking sites in Australia as of April 2018, Statista, retrieved 25 January 2023.

— 2022, Leading athletes on Instagram worldwide as of September 2022, by followers, Statista, retrieved 8 April 2023.

Staton, B 2018, ‘Tom Daley makes plea for Commonwealth LGBT rights after winning gold’, Sky News, 13 April, retrieved 1 August 2018, https://news.sky.com/story/tom-daley-makes-plea-for-commonwealth-lgbt-rights-after-winning-gold-11328681

Summers, J & Johnson Morgan, M 2008, ‘More than just the media: Considering the role of public relations in the creation of sporting celebrity and the management of fan expectations’, Public Relations Review, vol. 34, pp. 176-182, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2008.03.014

Toffoletti, K & Thorpe, H 2018, ‘The athletic labour of femininity: The branding and consumption of global celebrity sportswomen on Instagram’, Journal of Consumer Culture, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 298-316, https://doi.org/10.1177/1469540517747068

Totman, S 2017, ‘The Emergence of the Super-Celebrity Activist: George Clooney and Angelina Jolie’, in J Raphael & C Lam (eds.), Becoming Brands: Celebrity, Activism and Politics, Waterhill Publishing, Toronto, pp. 21-31.

Tsaliki, L, Frangonikolopoulos, CA & Huliaras, A (eds.) 2011, Transnational celebrity activism in global politics: changing the world?, Intellect Books, Bristol, UK.

Vardaman, J, Amis, J & Gondo M 2012, ‘Real-Time Cases’ in A J Mills, G Durepos & E Wiebe (eds.), Encyclopedia of Case Study Research, SAGE Publications Inc., Thousand Oaks, pp. 784-785.

Downloads

Published

2023-04-30

Issue

Section

Open Submission Articles

How to Cite

Athlete activism: advancing socio-political causes at mega sporting events. (2023). Persona Studies, 9(3), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.21153/psj2023vol9no3art1720