Evolution of the YouTube Personas Related to Survival Horror Games

Authors

  • Francesco Toniolo Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Italy

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21153/psj2020vol6no2art964

Keywords:

survival horror, video game, YouTube, creepypasta, fanvid, Let's play

Abstract

The indie survival horror game genre has given rise to some of the most famous game streamers on YouTube, especially titles like Amnesia: The Dark Descent (Frictional Games 2010), Slender: The Eight Pages (Parsec Productions 2012), and Five Nights at Freddy’s (Scott Cawthon 2014). The games are strongly focused on horror tropes including jump scares and defenceless protagonists, which lend them to displays of overemphasised emotional reactions by YouTubers, who use them to build their online personas in a certain way. This paper retraces the evolution of the relationship between horror games and YouTube personas, with attention to in-game characters and gameplay mechanics on the one hand and the practices of prominent YouTube personas on the other. It will show how the horror game genre and related media, including “Let’s play” videos, animated fanvids, and “creepypasta” stories have influenced prominent YouTuber personas and resulted in some changes in the common processes of persona formation on the platform.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Alasuutari, P 1995, Researching Culture. Qualitative Method and Cultural Studies, SAGE, London.

Alexandr, K 2016, Epsilon corp., PC, Alexandr Kataev.

Altraum 2007, Penumbra Overture Episode 1 red burning 1, 05 July, YouTube, retrieved 26 August 2020 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NKkjSyfU2fQ

Blu’s Studio 2018, [FNAF/SFM] My Dear Friend Funtime Foxy (FNAF Sister Location animation), 05 January, YouTube, retrieved 26 August 2020 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lkuxCcSgwgA

Burgess, J & Green, J 2009, YouTube: Online Video and Participatory Culture, Polity Press, Cambridge.

Burn, A 2013, ‘Role-Playing’, in M.J.P Wolf & B Perron (eds.), The Routledge Companion to Video Game Studies, Routledge, London – New York, pp. 241-250.

Burwell, C & Miller, T 2016, ‘Let’s Play: Exploring literacy practices in an emerging videogame paratext’, E-Learning and Digital Media, vol. 13, no. 3–4, pp. 109–125.

Bycer, J 2015, ‘Examining The Five Nights at Freddy’s Experience’, 03 August, Gamasutra, retrieved 26 August 2020 https://www.gamasutra.com/blogs/JoshBycer/20150803/250286/Examining_The_Five_Nights_at_Freddys_Experience.php

Captain Perfect 2009, Penumbra Black Plague gameplay part 1, 28 November, YouTube, retrieved 26 August 2020 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=47y2TdsUew8

Cawthon, S 2013, Chipper & Sons Lumber Co., PC, Scott Cawthon.

—2014, Five Nights at Freddy’s, PC, Scott Cawthon.

Chen, Y-L., Chang, C-L. & Yeh, C-S. 2017, ‘Emotion Classification of YouTube Videos’, Decision Support Systems, vol. 101, pp. 40–50.

Chess, S 2012, ‘Open sourcing horror: the Slender Man, Marble Hornets, and genre negotiations’, Information, Communication, & Society, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 374-393.

—2015, Who 3’s Slendy? Making Sense of Slender Man Fandom, paper presented at Internet Research 16: The 16th Annual Meeting of the Association of Internet Researchers, pp. 21-24.

Cocker, H.L & Cronin, J 2017, ‘Charismatic authority and the YouTuber: Unpacking the new cults of personality’, Marketing Theory, vol. 17, no.4, pp. 455–472, https://doi.org/10.1177/1470593117692022

ColdTrix8 2009, Let´s Play Penumbra Overture Part 1 Mines and blocked entrances, 30 August, YouTube, retrieved 26 August 2020 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ibsXjDcNyHw

Compile 1988, Godzilla: Monster of Monsters, NES, Toho.

Couture, J 2014, IGM Interviews – Scott Cawthon (Five Nights at Freddy’s), 03 september, Indiegamemag, http://indiegamemag.com/igm-interviews-scott-cawthon-five-nights-at-freddys/

Cunningham, S & Craig, D 2017, ‘Being ‘really real’ on YouTube: authenticity, community and brand culture in social media entertainment’, Media International Australia, vol. 164, no. 1, pp. 71-81.

Daniel Mullins Games 2016, Pony Island, PC, Daniel Mullins Games.

DeWalt, K.M & DeWalt, B.R 2010 [2001], Participant Observation: A Guide for Fieldworkers. Second Edition, Rowman, Lanham.

DirectorBen92 2007, Resident Love, 01 September, YouTube, retrieved 26 August 2020 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n2jf8Tc5g0g

Diver, M 2016, Indie Games. The Complete Introduction to Indie Gaming, LOM Art, London.

Dvloper 2017, Granny, Android, Dvloper.

Dynamic Pixels 2017, Hello Neighbor, PC, tinyBuild.

Fägersten, K.B 2017, ‘The role of swearing in creating an online persona: The case of YouTuber PewDiePie’, Discourse, Context & Media, vol. 18, pp. 1–10.

FavijTV 2013, UN INIZIO TERRIFICANTE!!! - Penumbra: Black Plague [in Webcam LIVE] | Parte 1, 02 March, YouTube, retrieved 26 August 2020 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2pAivtuE_mA

Filiciak, M 2003, ‘Hyperidentities: Postmodern Identity Patterns in Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games’, in M.J.P Wolf & B Perron (eds.) The Video Game Theory Reader, Routledge, London – New York, pp. 87-102.

Fox, T 2015, Undertale, PC, Toby Fox.

Frank, J 2012, Role-Playing Game and Collectible Card Game Artists. A Biographical Dictionary, McFarland, Jefferson.

Freitas, C & Amaro, M 2016, ‘Slender Man: creepypasta, mimese e realidade’, Temática, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 33–48.

Frictional Games 2007, Penumbra: Overture, PC, Frictional Games.

—2008, Penumbra: Black Plague, PC, Frictional Games.

—2009, Penumbra: Requiem, PC, Frictional Games.

—2010, Amnesia: The Dark Descent, PC, Frictional Games.

FURR Animations - FNAF School of Animatronics 2015, [FNAF SFM] School Of Animatronics: Full Animation Film (Original), 23 November, YouTube, retrieved 26 August 2020 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pr4EzhrbUfI

Fusch, P.I & Ness, L.R 2015, ‘Are We There Yet? Data Saturation in Qualitative Research’, The Qualitative Report, vol. 20, no. 9, pp. 1408-1416.

Glas, R 2015 ‘Vicarious Play: Engaging the Viewer in Let's Play Videos’, Empedocles: European Journal for the Philosophy of Communication, vol. 5, no. 1–2, pp. 81–86, http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/ejpc.5.1-2.81_1.

heeminhyman 2008, RE: Albuquerque (collab video), 12 June, YouTube, retrieved 26 August 2020 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wh25xQZFOVM

Helloween4545 2009, Let's Play Penumbra Overture (1 P 1), 02 March, YouTube, retrieved 26 August 2020 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MXyel4FXaOk

Hine, C 2000, Virtual Ethnography, SAGE, Thousand Oaks.

Hitchcock, S 2015, Emily Wants to Play, PC, Shawn Hitchcock.

Holler, C & Klepper, M 2013 (eds.), Rethinking Narrative Identity: Persona and Perspective, John Benjamins Publishing Company, Amsterdam – Philadelphia.

Isbister, K 2006, Better Game Characters by Design. A Psychological Approach, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, San Francisco.

— 2016, How Games Move Us. Emotion by Design, MIT Press, Cambridge (MA).

jacksepticeye 2015, Five Nights At Freddy's 2 Animation | Jacksepticeye Animated, 05 May YouTube, retrieved 26 August 2020 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bqNzbkIHYF8

Jaze Cinema 2018, [FNaF 6/SFM] My Dear Friend #2: Rockstar Bonnie, 15 July, YouTube, retrieved 26 August 2020 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kagb5vLSUCg

jazzkomp 2007, Penumbra Overture How to kill the DOG, 10 April, YouTube, retrieved 26 August 2020 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PnxosjFRv_o

jeanetteRyokuX 2007, Resident evil remake can sing, 23 May, YouTube, retrieved 26 August 2020 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yuq1Sj-__Lw

Jenkins, H, Ford, S & Green, J 2013, Spreadable Media: Creating Value and Meaning in a Networked Culture, New York University Press, New York – London.

Jerslev A 2016, ‘In the Time of the Microcelebrity: Celebrification and the YouTuber Zoella’, International Journal of Communication, vol. 10, pp. 5233-5251.

Jim Sterling 2014, CHIPPER & SONS LUMBER CO. - I'll Swallow Your Soul!, 08 May, YouTube, retrieved 26 August 2020 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GcvRx0Sx1Hc

Kirkland, E 2009, Resident Evil’s typewriter: Horror videogames and their media, Games and Culture, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 115–126.

—2010, ‘Remediation, Analogue Corruption, and the Signification of Evil in Digital Games’, in N. Billias (ed.), Promoting and Producing Evil, Rodopi, Amsterdam-New York, pp. 227-247.

—2011, ‘Survival horrality: analysis of a videogame genre’, The Irish Journal of Gothic and Horror Studies, vol. 10, pp. 22-32.

KirmiZ 2007, Penumbra Monster Fun!, 27 August, YouTube, retrieved 26 August 2020 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6sG9yuf5Cz4

Kjellberg, F. 2014, Felix "PewDiePie" Kjellberg (in English), 09 August, Sverigesradio, retrieved 26 August 2020 https://sverigesradio.se/sida/avsnitt/421641?programid=2071

Klevjer, R 2006, hc11: Genre Blindness, DiGRA Hardcore Column, retrieved 26 August 2020 http://www.digra.org/hc11-rune-klevjer-genre-blindness/

KPIQA 2007, Penumbra overture lobo en escalera, 05 June, YouTube, retrieved 26 August 2020 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h1qEGFY8NJo

Krzwinska, T 2009, ‘Reanimating Lovecraft: The Ludic Paradox of Call of Cthulhu: Dark Corners of the Earth’, in B. Perron (ed.), Horror Video Games. Essays on the Fusion of Fear and Play, McFarland, Jefferson, pp. 267-287.

—2013, ‘Digital Games and the American Gothic: Investigating Gothic Game Grammar’, Intersemiose, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 291-310.

Kurpiel, R 2016, ‘A Contrastive Analysis of Exclamations in Selected Italian and Polish Gaming Videos on YouTube’, Zeszyty Naukowe Towarzystwa Doktorantów UJ Nauki Humanistyczne, vol. 15, pp. 73–90.

—2017, ‘The stylistics of recontextualization in selected American, Italian and Polish gaming videos on YouTube’, Młoda Humanistyka, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1-17.

l3ks1 2007, penumbra gameplay, 23 May, YouTube, retrieved 26 August 2020 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MlkQ4hoa_EM

Lag Studios 2014, Spooky's Jump Scare Mansion, PC, Lag Studios.

Lebowitz, J & Klug, C 2011, Interactive Storytelling for Video Games A Player-Centered Approach to Creating Memorable Characters and Stories, Focal Press, Oxford.

Lee, K 2015, ‘Introduction: Personas at Work’, Persona Studies, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 1-13, https://doi.org/10.21153/ps2015vol1no2art500.

Maiberg, E 2015, Why Horror Games Are More Fun to Watch Than Play, 30 October, Motherboard, retrieved 26 August 2020 https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/z43eb9/why-horror-games-are-more-fun-to-watch-than-play

Marshall, D & Barbour, K 2015, ‘Making Intellectual Room for Persona Studies: A New Consciousness and a Shifted Perspective’, Persona Studies, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1-11.

Marshall, D, Moore, C & Barbour, K 2019, Persona Studies: An Introduction, Wiley Blackwell, Hoboken.

Markiplier 2012a, Penumbra: Black Plague | Part 1 | SHOT THROUGH THE HEART, 27 May, YouTube, retrieved 26 August 2020 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kAhZ4yfxG68&

—2012b, Penumbra: Black Plague | Part 2 | SOMETHING'S FISHY, 27 May, YouTube, retrieved 26 August 2020 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J8D1EydOBZw

—2014, WARNING: SCARIEST GAME IN YEARS | Five Nights at Freddy's - Part 1, 12 August YouTube, retrieved 26 August 2020 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iOztnsBPrAA

Marwick, A.E 2013, Status Update: Celebrity, Publicity, and Branding in the Social Media Age, Yale UP, New Haven.

Mathur, R 2016, ‘Your horror game sucks.’, 18 July, Gamasutra, retrieved 26 August 2020 http://www.gamasutra.com/blogs/RaghavMathur/20160718/277253/Your_horror_game_sucks.php

McGonigal, M 2018, Baldi's Basics in Education and Learning, PC, Micah McGonigal.

McMahan, A 2003, ‘Immersion, Engagement, and Presence: A Method for Analyzing 3-D Video Games’, in M.J.P Wolf & B Perron (eds.) The Video Game Theory Reader, Routledge, London – New York, pp. 67-86.

—2008, ‘Video Game Stars: Lara Croft’, in M.J.P Wolf (ed.), The Video Game Explosion: A History From PONG to PlayStation and Beyond, Greenwood Press, Westport, pp. 183-186.

McRae S 2017, ‘Get Off My Internets: How Anti-Fans Deconstruct Lifestyle Bloggers Authenticity Work’, Persona Studies, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 13-27.

Milik, O 2017, ‘Persona in MMO Games: Constructing an Identity Through Complex Player/Character Relationship’, Persona Studies, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 66-78.

Mirzasalikhov, R 2014, One Night, PC, Rinat Mirzasalikhov.

Moore, C, Barbour, K & Lee, K 2017, ‘Five Dimensions of Online Persona’, Persona Studies, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1-11.

Nephew, M 2006, ‘Playing With Identity: Unconscious Desire and Role-Playing Games’, in J.P Williams, S.Q Hendricks & W. Keith Winkler (eds.) Gaming as Culture. Essays on Reality, Identity and Experience in Fantasy Games, McFarland, Jefferson.

Newman, J 2016, ‘Stampylongnose and the rise of the celebrity videogame player’, Celebrity Studies, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 285-288, https://doi.org/10.1080/19392397.2016.1165020.

Nguyen, J 2016, ‘Performing as Video Game Players in Let's Plays’, Transformative Works and Cultures, vol. 22, http://dx.doi.org/10.3983/twc.2016.0698.

NiKyBox 2012, Giochi nel Buio - Penumbra: Black Plague | Ep.1, 27 June, YouTube, retrieved 26 August 2020 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uYZ0RUvpvP8

Nintendo 2000, The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask, Nintendo 64, Nintendo.

O-Zone 2003, Dragostea Din Tei, DiscO-Zone, Ultra.

Obscure Horror Corner 2015, Sad Satan - Deep Web Horror Game - Part 1, 25 June, YouTube, retrieved 26 August 2020 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tJ6zHUyp_V8

Papale, L & Fazio, L 2018, ‘Player Identity and Avatars in Meta-narrative Video Games: A Reading of Hotline Miami’, in R. Rouse, H. Koenitz, M. Haahr (eds.) Interactive Storytelling. ICIDS 2018. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 11318. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04028-4_28

Parsec Productions 2013, Slender: The Eight Pages, PC, Parsec Productions.

Peck, A 2017, ‘Capturing the Slender Man: Online and Offline Vernacular Practice in the Digital Age’, Cultural Analysis, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 30-48.

Perron, B 2005, Coming to Play at Frightening Yourself: Welcome to the World of Horror Games, Aesthetics of Play. A Conference on Computer Game Aesthetics, University of Bergen, Norvège.

—2009, ‘Introduction: Gaming After Dark’, in Id. (ed.), Horror Video Games. Essays on the Fusion of Fear and Play, McFarland, Jefferson, pp. 3-13.

—2018, The World of Scary Video Games. A study in Videoludic Horror, Bloomsbury, London.

Peters, L 2018, ‘Sad Satan’ & The Evolution of Video Game Creepypastas: From “BEN DROWNED” to “Petscop”, 12 February, The Ghost in my Machine, retrieved 26 August 2020 https://theghostinmymachine.com/2018/02/12/sad-satan-evolution-video-game-creepypastas-ben-drowned-petscop/

PewDiePie 2014, Five Nights At Freddys - SCARIEST GAME EVER!)#(¤/&T!(/Y()U)I=O?? (lol no) -, 22 August YouTube, retrieved 26 August 2020 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1-r1E-iF2EA

—2016, OUTLAST 2 ANIMATED, July, YouTube, retrieved 26 August 2020 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kCh-MMBCI-M

Petscop 2017, Petscop, 12 March, YouTube, retrieved 26 August 2020 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6e6RK8o1fcs

Pietruszka M 2016, ‘Watching people playing games: A survey of presentational techniques in most popular game-vlogs’, Res Rhetorica, vol. 4, pp. 54–69.

Pruett, C 2012, Mapping Horror Games, 05 February, Chris’s Survival Horror Quest, retrieved 26 August 2020 http://horror.dreamdawn.com/?p=8335#widgets

Red Barrels 2017, Outlast 2, PlayStation 4, Red Barrels.

Rodríguez Serrano, A 2017, ‘La Nada Como Categoría Ontológica En El Videojuego: Análisis De Sad Satan’, Fonseca. Journal of Communication, vol. 14, pp. 203–214.

Saunders, B, Sim, J, Kingstone, T, Baker, S, Waterfield, J, Bartlam, B, Burroughs, H & Jinks, C 2018, ‘Saturation in qualitative research: exploring its conceptualization and operationalization’, Quality&Quantity, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 1893-1907, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-017-0574-8.

ShadowLeggy 2006, Resident Evil Numa, 20 December, YouTube, retrieved 26 August 2020 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WMvAzYH1xHM

—2007, Resident Evil Excited!, 11 January, YouTube, retrieved 26 August 2020 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3w_E5ZntSM4

—2009, Resident Evil Montage Rumble 3.5 - Memes, 20 January, YouTube, retrieved 26 August 2020 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=adeAiaMQoFM

SimplexGameStudio (2015) Insanz – Retro Survival Horror, PC, SimplexGameStudio.

Smith, CYN 2017, ‘Beware the Slender Man: Intellectual Property and Internet Folklore’, Florida Law Review, vol. 70, no. 3, pp. 601-647.

Smith, T, Obrist, M, & Wright, P 2013, ‘Live-streaming changes the (video) game’, Proceedings of the 11th european conference on In-teractive TV and video, pp. 131–138.

Smoke The Bear 2018, [FNAF/SFM] My Dear Friend #4 ROCKSTAR CHICA DANCING CHICKEN (FNAF6/FFPS Animation), 06 July YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8QdPeiHQFlc

Something Awful 2009, Create Paranormal Images, 08 August, Something Awful Forum, retrieved 26 August 2020 https://forums.somethingawful.com/showthread.php?threadid=3150591&userid=0&perpage=40&pagenumber=1

Suvilay, B 2018, Indie Games. Histoire, artwork, sound design des jeux video indépendants, Bragelonne, Paris.

Team Salvato 2017, Doki Doki Literature Club!, PC, Team Salvato.

TheMeatly Games 2017, Bendy and the Ink Machine, PC, TheMeatly Games.

The Pointers Sisters 1982, I’m So Excited, So Excited!, Planet Records.

TheScarlettears 2009, Let's Play Penumbra Overture - pt1 Intro, 25 June, YouTube, retrieved 26 August 2020 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6hHhHVaTIAM

Tisdale, A 2016, Games we love to watch other people play: Horror gaming and YouTube, 21 December, Ready:Set, retrieved 26 August 2020 http://readyset.zam.com/article/1272/games-we-love-to-watch-other-people-play-

horror-gaming-and-youtube

Toniolo, F 2020, ‘I videogiochi su YouTube: un confronto fra Italia ed estero’, in R. Fassone, M.B. Carbone (eds.), Il videogioco in Italia, Mimesis, Milano-Udine, pp. 271-284.

Typhoon Cinema 2015, [Comic Animation] Cute Nights at Freddy's, 18 December, YouTube, retrieved 26 August 2020https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pnaYZUvHsTQ

u/BrokenLink100 2015, If you're new to this subreddit, please read this FIRST before posting, 10 July, Reddit, retrieved 26 August 2020 https://www.reddit.com/r/sadsatan/comments/3cslpz/if_youre_new_to_this_subreddit_please_read_this/

Waskul, D.D & Lust, M 2004, ‘Role-Playing and Playing Roles: The Person, Player, and Persona in Fantasy Role-Playing’, Symbolic Interaction, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 333–356.

Werning, S 2017, ‘The Persona in Autobiographical Game-Making as a Playful Performance of the Self’, Persona Studies, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 28-42.

Yankovic, WA 1999, Albuquerque, Running with Scissors, Volcano.

Zagal, J.P & Deterding, S 2018 (eds.), Role-Playing Game Studies. Transmedia Foundation, Routledge, London – New York.

Downloads

Published

2021-03-16

Issue

Section

Themed Articles

How to Cite

Evolution of the YouTube Personas Related to Survival Horror Games. (2021). Persona Studies, 6(2), 54-68. https://doi.org/10.21153/psj2020vol6no2art964