‘I am sorry it is not more, but it is all I could earn’: Presbyterian Children, Christmas and Charity in Colonial New Zealand, c.1909-1945

Authors

  • Hugh Morrison University of Otago, New Zealand

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21153/pecl2016vol24no2art1105

Keywords:

charity, children's literature, New Zealand, Colonial New Zealand c1909-1945, Presbyterian Children, Christmas

Abstract

In February 1884 the Presbyterian mission ship The Dayspring departed the southern New Zealand city of Dunedin, en route back to the New Hebrides [Vanuatu] via Sydney, after completing a tour of the colony’s main centres. The Otago Daily Times reporter observed that in Dunedin the ship was visited by ‘close on 14,000 persons – children and adults’, with another ‘600 children’ as visitors prior to its departure from nearby Port Chalmers. The children inspected ‘various curios’ in the cabins and at least saw, if not interacted with, five ‘natives’ on board. These four men and one woman, from the New Hebrides, had ‘shown themselves to be possessed of much intelligence and observation’ who, through ‘missionary labour and Christian instruction’, had been ‘transformed from savage cannibals into peaceful, gentle Christians’ (‘The Dayspring’ 1884, p. 2).

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

Author Biography

  • Hugh Morrison, University of Otago, New Zealand

    Hugh Morrison is a Senior Lecturer at the University of Otago where he teaches in both initial teacher education and education studies programmes, including a course on children’s and young people’s history. He is also a research associate in History at the University of Waikato, New Zealand. In 2017 he is a Visiting Fellow at Magdalen College, Oxford University affiliated to the Centre for the History of Childhood. His research focuses are New Zealand mission and religious history alongside histories of childhood and religion in the British world. He is the author of Pushing Boundaries: New Zealand Protestants and overseas missions, 1827-1939 (Otago University Press, 2016) and is co-editor with Mary Clare Martin (University of Greenwich, UK) of Creating Religious Childhoods in Anglo-World and British Colonial Contexts, 1800-1950 (Routledge, 2017). He has also recently had published articles/chapters on: children’s missionary literature; children, religion and emotions; and on missions and education.

References

PRIMARY SOURCES

‘Balfour Busy Bee Report’ 1928, The Break of Day, March, p. 15.

‘The Break of Day in the New Hebrides’ 1935, The Break of Day, November, p. 3.

‘“Break of Day” Christmas Gift’ 1960, The Break of Day, March, p. 16.

‘Busy Bees’ Reports’ 1918, The Break of Day, November, p. 5.

‘Busy Bees’ Reports’ 1920, The Break of Day, November, pp. 9-10.

‘Busy Bee s’ Reports’ 1936, The Break of Day, February, p. 18.

‘Busy Bees’ Reports’ 1960, The Break of Day, March, p. 16.

‘The Christmas Gift’ 1940, The Break of Day, February, p. 3.

‘Christmas Gift Fund for Okaihau’ 1936, The Break of Day, February, pp. 12-13.

‘Christmas Present Contributions’ 1911, The Break of Day, February, p. 16.

‘Farewell to the Rev. James Aitken’ 1916, Otago Daily Times, March 2, p. 6.

‘The Dayspring’ 1884, Otago Daily Times, 29 February, supplement, p. 2.

‘Editorial’ 1909, The Break of Day, August, pp. 1-2.

‘Editorial’ 1909, The Break of Day, October, pp. 1-2.

‘Editorial’ 1909, The Break of Day, November, pp. 1-3.

‘Editorial’ 1910, The Break of Day, April, p. 2.

‘Editorial’ 1910, The Break of Day, August, pp. 2 – 3.

‘Editorial’ 1911, The Break of Day, February, p. 3.

‘Editorial’ 1912, The Break of Day, February, p. 1-2.

‘Editorial’ 1927, The Break of Day, February, p. 4.

‘Editorial’ 1935, The Break of Day, April, p. 1.

‘Financial Secretary’s Report’ 1918-1919, New Zealand Baptist Union Handbook, 1919 – 1920.

Foreign Missions Committee Reports [FMC], Proceedings of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church of New Zealand, 1908-1941

Foreign Mission Committee Minutes, 1908-1911, Foreign Missions Committee Book, 1901-1913, GA0001, Presbyterian Research Centre, Dunedin, New Zealand.

Jessie, Sister 1931, ‘Among the Opotiki Maoris’, The Break of Day, November, p. 8.

Laishley, M 1960, ‘The Beginning of Busy Bees’, The Break of Day, March, pp. 4-5.

‘Letters to Editor’ 1909, The Break of Day, November, p. 15.

McKenzie, Revd John 1909, ‘Open Letter to Children’, The Break of Day, February, pp. 1-3.

Milne, Mrs WV 1927, ‘Busy Bees on Nguna’, The Break of Day, February, p. 5.

Mission Committee Reports, Proceedings of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church of New Zealand, 1942-1948.

Overseas Mission Committee Reports, Proceedings of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church of New Zealand, 1949-1960

Proceedings of the Synod of the Presbyterian Church of Southland and Otago [Otago Southland Proceedings ], 1866-1901.

Sunday School Committee Minutes, 1907-1910 [Sunday School Minutes], Sunday School Committee Minute Book, 1907-1919, AD 12/14, Presbyterian Research Centre, Dunedin, New Zealand Waddell, Revd R 1884, ‘The Sabbath-school and Missions’, New Zealand Missionary Record, February, pp. 44-49.

Waddell, Revd R, ‘Children’s Talks’, c. 1906-16 [unpublished children’s sermons], Personal Collection, 394/8, DC1/4, Presbyterian Research Centre, Dunedin, New Zealand

Youth of the Church Committee Reports [YOCC], Proceedings of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church of New Zealand, 1908-1940

SECONDARY SOURCES

Acke, Hanna 2013, ‘Missionary Periodicals as a Genre: Models of Writing, Horizons of Expectation’, In Felicity Jensz and Hanna Acke (eds.), Missions and Media: The Politics of Missionary Periodicals in the Long Nineteenth Century, Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart, pp. 225-43.

‘Aitken, Very Rev. James’, Register of New Zealand Presbyterian Church Ministers, Deaconesses& Missionaries from 1840, Accessed February 22, 2016 at: http://www.archives.presbyterian.org.nz/Page146.htm

Altholz, Josef L 1989, The Religious Press in Britain, 1760-1900, Greenwood Press, Westport.

Altick, Richard D 1957, The English Common Reader: A Social History of the Mass Reading Public 1800-1900, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Anderson, Benedict 1991, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, revised edition, Verso, London, New York.

Ash, Susan 2016, Funding Philanthropy: Dr Barnardo’s Metaphors, Narratives and Spectacles, Liverpool University Press, Liverpool.

Barber, Laurie 1990, ‘1901-1930: The Expanding Frontier’, In Dennis McEldowney (ed.) Presbyterians in Aotearoa 1840-1990, Presbyterian Church of New Zealand, Wellington, pp. 74-102.

Cox, Jeffrey 2008, The British Missionary Enterprise S ince 1700, Routledge, New York and London.

Davin, Anna 2001, ‘Waif Stories in Late Nineteenth-century England’, History Workshop Journal, vol. 52 (Autumn), pp. 67-98.

Denisoff, Dennis (ed.) 2008, The Nineteenth-Century Child and Consumer Culture, Ashgate, Aldershot.

Elleray, Michelle 2011, ‘Little Builders: Coral insects, missionary culture, and the Victorian child’, Victorian Literature & Culture, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 223-2 38.

Galbraith, Gretchen R 1997, Reading Lives: Reconstructing Childhood, Books and Schools in Britain, 1870-1920, Macmillan Press, Basingstoke and London.

Graham, Jeanine 2008, ‘Young New Zealanders and the Great War: Exploring the Impact and Legacy of the First World War, 1914-2014’, Paedagogica Historica vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 429-444.

Graham, Jeanine 1992, My Brother and I: Glimpses of Childhood in Our Colonial Past, Hocken Library, University of Otago, Dunedin.

Greenspoon, David 2017, ‘Sunday school prizes and books in early-nineteenth-century America’, In Hugh Morrison and Mary Clare Martin (eds.), Creating Religious Childhoods in Anglo-World and British Colonial Contexts, 1800-1950, Routledge, London and New York, pp. 87-102.

Gubar, Marah 2009, Artful Dodgers: Reconceiving the Golden Age of Children’s Literature, Oxford University Press, New York.

Haggis, Jane, and Margaret Allen 2008, ‘Imperial Emotions: Affective Communities of Mission in British Protestant Women's Missionary Publications c 1880-1920’, Journal of Social History, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 691-716.

Hall, Catherine 2002, Civilising Subjects: Colony and Metro pole in the English Imagination, 1830-1867, University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London.

Harrison, Henrietta 2008, ‘“A Penny for the little Chinese”: The French Holy Childhood Association in China, 1843-1951’, American Historical Review, vol. 113, pp. 72-92.

Heywood, Sophie 2015, ‘Missionary Children: The French Holy Childhood Association in European Context, 1843 - c. 1914’, European History Quarterly, vol. 4 5, no. 3, pp. 446-466.

Hillel, Margot 201 7, ‘“Nearly all are supported by children”: Charitable Childhoods in Late-Nineteenth and Early-Twentieth Century Literature for Children in the British World’, In Hugh Morrison and Mary Clare Martin (eds.), Creating Religious Childhoods in Anglo-World and British Colonial Contexts, 1800-1950, Routledge, Lo ndon and New York, pp. 163-180.

Hillel, Margot 2011, ‘“Give us all missionary eyes and missionary hearts”: Triumphalism and missionising in late-Victorian children's literature’, Mousaion, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 179-1 92.

Hofmeyr, Isabel 2014, ‘Introduction: World Literature and the Imperial Textual Commons’, English Studies in Africa, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 1-8.

Jensz, Felicity 201 2, ‘Origins of Missionary Periodicals: Form and Function of Three Moravian Publications’, Journal of Religious History, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 234-2 55.

Jensz, Felicity and Hanna Acke (eds.) 2013, Missions and Media: The Politics of Missionary Periodicals in the Long Nineteenth Century, Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart.

Johnston, Anna 2003, Missionary Writing and Empire, 1800-1860, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Keen, David 1999, ‘Feeding the Lambs’: The Influence of Sunday Schools on the Socialization of Children in Otago and Southland, 1848-1901, doctoral thesis, University of Otago, Dunedin.

New Zealand History 2014, ‘Lady Liverpool Great War Story’, viewed 4 March 2016, http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/media/video/lady-liverpool-great-war-story

Lester, Allan 2001, Imperial Networks: Creating identities in nineteenth-century South Africa and Britain, Routledge, London and New York.

McEldowney, Dennis (ed.) 1990, Presbyterians in Aotearoa 1840-1990, Presbyterian Church of New Zealand, Wellington.

Mascarenhas, K, Gibson ME, & Richard, M 2014, ‘Little Henry’s Burdens: Colonization, Civilization, Christianity and the Child’, Victorian Literature & Culture, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 425-4 38.

May, Helen 2001, ‘Mapping Some Landscapes of Colonial-Global Childhood ’, European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 5-20.

Miller, Karen Li 2012, ‘The White Child's Burden: Managing the Self and Money in Nineteenth-Century Children's Missionary Periodicals’, American Periodicals, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 139-1 57.

Morrison, Hugh 2017, ‘Service, sacrifice and responsibility: Religion and Protestant settler childhood in New Zealand and Canada, c, 1860-1940’, In Hugh Morrison and Mary Clare Martin (eds.), Creating Religious Childhoods in Anglo-World and British Colonial Contexts, 1800-1950, Routledge, London and New York, pp. 241-260.

Morrison, Hugh 2016, Pushing Boundaries: New Zealand Protestants and Overseas Missions 1827-1939, Otago University Press, Dunedin.

Morrison, Hugh 2015a, ‘“As the sunshine dispels the darkness of the night”: Settler Protestant children’s missionary magazines in New Zealand c.1840-1940’, New Zealand Journal of History, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 136-159.

Morrison, Hugh 2015b, ‘“I Feel That We Belong to the One Big Family”: Protestant Childhoods, Missions and Emotions in British World Settings, 1870s-1930s, ’ In Claire McLisky, Daniel Midena and Karen Vallgårda (eds.), Emotions and Christian Missions: Historical Perspectives, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, pp. 218-2 39.

Morrison, Hugh 2015c, ‘Settler Childhood, Protestant Christianity and Emotions in Colonial New Zealand, 1880s-1920s’, In Stephanie Olsen (ed.) Childhood, Youth and Emotions in Modern History: National, Colonial and Global Perspectives, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, pp. 76-94.

Morrison, Hugh 2013, ‘“Impressions which will Never Be Lost”: Missionary Periodicals for Protestant Children in Late-Nineteenth Century Canada and New Zealand’, Church History, vol. 82, no. 2, pp. 388-3 93.

Morrison, Hugh 2012, ‘Representations of Māori in Presbyterian Children’s Missionary Literature, 190-1939’, In Hugh Morrison, Lachlan Paterson, Brett Knowles and Murray Rae (eds.), Mana Maori and Christianity, Huia Publishers, Wellington, pp. 159-1 78.

Murray, J S 1969, A Century of Growth: Presbyterian Overseas Mission Work 1869-1969, Presbyterian Bookroom, Christchurch.

Olsen, Stephanie 2009, ‘Towards the Modern Man: Edwardian Boyhood in the Juvenile Periodical Press’, In Adrienne E. Gavin and Andrew F. Humphries (eds.), Childhood in Edwardian Fiction: Worlds Enough and Time, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, pp. 159-1 74.

Paterson, Lachlan 2012, ‘The Rise and Fall of Women Field Workers within the Presbyterian Maori Miss ion, 1907-1970’, In Hugh Morrison, Lachlan Paterson, Brett Knowles and Murray Rae (eds.), Mana Maori and Christianity, Huia Publishers, Wellington, pp. 179-204.

Platt, Jane 2015, Subscribing to Faith?: The Anglican Parish Magazine 1859-1929, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke.

Prochaska, FK 1980, Women and Philanthropy in Nineteenth-Century England, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Prochaska, FK 1978, ‘Little Vessels: Children in the Nineteenth-Century English Missionary Movement’, Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 103-1 18.

Robert, Dana 2009, Christian Mission: How Christianity Became a World Religion, Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester.

Salesa, Damon 2009, ‘New Zealand's Pacific’, In Giselle Byrnes (ed.), The New Oxford History of New Zealand, Oxford University Press, Oxford and Melbourne, pp. 149-1 72.

Schoepflin, Rennie B 2005, ‘Making doctors and nurses for Jesus: medical missionary stories and American children’, Church History, vol. 74, no. 3, pp. 557-5 90.

Stanley, Brian 1994, ‘“Missionary Regiments for Immanuel’s Service’: Juvenile Missionary Organizations in English Sunday Schools, 1841-1865’, In Diana Woods (ed.), The Church and Childhood, Blackwell Publishers, Oxford, pp. 391-403.

Trepanier, James 2017, ‘A “religion of the backwoods”: Religion and the Canadian Boy Scout movement in the interwar period’, In Hugh Morrison and Mary Clare Martin (eds.), Creating Religious Childhoods in Anglo-World and British Colonial Contexts, 1800-1950, Routledge, London and New York, pp. 222-240.

Troughton, Geoffrey 2017, ‘“Making Kiwi Christians: Children and religion in the House of Reed’, In Hugh Morrison and Mary Clare Martin (eds.), Creating Religious Childhoods in Anglo-World and British Colonial Contexts, 1800-1950, Routledge, London and New York, pp. 181-198.

Vallgårda, Karen 2015, Imperial Childhoods and Christian Mission: Education and Emotions in South India and Denmark, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, 2015.

Vallgårda, Karen, Alexander, Kristine & Olsen, Stephanie 2015, ‘Emotions and the Global Politics of Childhood’, In Stephanie Olsen (ed.), Childhood, Youth and Emotions in Modern History: National, Colonial and Global Perspectives, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, pp. 12-34.

Vann, JD and VanArsdel, RT (eds.) 1995, Victorian Periodicals and Victorian Society, University of Toronto Press, Toronto & Buffalo.

Downloads

Published

2016-07-01

How to Cite

“‘I am sorry it is not more, but it is all I could earn’: Presbyterian Children, Christmas and Charity in Colonial New Zealand, c.1909-1945” (2016) Papers: Explorations into Children’s Literature, 24(2), pp. 33–73. doi:10.21153/pecl2016vol24no2art1105.

Similar Articles

61-70 of 171

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.