Dimensions of program relevance towards employment success: Evidence from a graduate tracer study using principal component analysis

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21153/jtlge2024vol15no1art1895

Abstract

In this paper, the researchers use data from the tracer study to characterize the graduate’s employment profile, assess the perceived contribution of the program to their personal and professional growth, evaluate the perceived effectiveness of the delivery of the graduate program, and explore significant dimensions of curricular program relevance toward employment success. Tracer studies are common in higher education to evaluate, using relevant metrics, the effectiveness of the curricular programs. The researchers employed a cross-sectional research design and analyzed the results from a tracer study conducted in a Philippine state university among its graduates in the Master in Management program from 2020-2022 using descriptive, open-coding, and principal component analysis techniques. The results revealed that pursuing graduate studies enhanced graduate’s employment opportunities. The effective delivery of the graduate program contributes to the personal and professional growth of the graduates. Developing the graduate’s personal skills is shaped by many factors encompassing people, problem-solving, information technology skills, meeting present and future professional needs, exposure to the local and international communities within the field of specialisation, critical thinking skills, salary improvement and promotion, and personality development. Improving the graduates’ professional skills entails a strong foundation in the academic profession, research capability, learning efficiency, and communication skills. Indeed, the professional and personal growth of the graduates are the critical dimensions of curricular relevance. The graduates give a premium on the aspects of the curriculum that lead to their personal and professional development.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

Author Biographies

  • Melvin Sarsale, Southern Leyte State University

    Melvin S. Sarsale is an assistant professor of accounting and business education at Southern Leyte State University, Philippines.

  • Catherine Garcia, College of Business and Management, Southern Leyte State University, Philippines
    Catherine M. Garcia is an early career researcher in business education at Southern Leyte State University, Philippines

References

Ahmad, T. (2020). Proposing student support model for postgraduate research education. World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development, 17(1), 125-139. https://doi.org/10.1108/WJEMSD-10-2019-0084

Albina, A. C., & Sumagaysay, L. P. (2020). Employability tracer study of Information Technology Education graduates from a state university in the Philippines. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 2(1), 100055. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2020.100055

Alvarez, M. (2020). Employment trend of graduates of Bachelor of Science in Business Administration major in Marketing of the College of Business, Accountancy and Public Administration, Isabela State University. Journal of Critical Reviews, 7(11), 313-317. https://tinyurl.com/7zyn9rrk

Amani, J., Myeya, H., & Mhewa, M. (2022). Understanding the motives for pursuing postgraduate studies and causes of late completion: Supervisors and supervisees’ experiences. SAGE Open, 12(3), 21582440221109586. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440221109586

Baird, A. M., & Parayitam, S. (2019). Employers’ ratings of importance of skills and competencies college graduates need to get hired: Evidence from the New England region of USA. Education+ Training, 61(5), 622-634. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-12-2018-0250

Bartlett, M. S. (1954). A note on the multiplying factors for various χ² approximations. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological), 16, 296-298. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1954.tb00174.x

Becker, G. S. (2009). Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis, with special reference to education. University of Chicago press.

Bennis, W., & Nanus, B. (1985). Leaders: The strategies for taking charge. Harper & Row.

Bhandari, U., Rana, M., Devkota, N., Parajuli, S., & Poudel, U. (2021). Status of professional skills in MBA graduates, its challenges, and way forward in Kathmandu valley: Evidence from professional skill index. International Journal of Finance Research, 2(1), 24-36. https://doi.org/10.47747/ijfr.v2i1.304

Brieger, E., Arghode, V., & McLean, G. (2020). Connecting theory and practice: Reviewing six learning theories to inform online instruction. European Journal of Training and Development, 44(4/5), 321-339. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-07-2019-0116

Cabalo, M. R. & Langub, M. K. (2023). Graduate tracer study questionnaire. Southern Leyte State University.

Calero-López, I., & Rodríguez-López, B. (2020). The relevance of transversal competences in vocational education and training: A bibliometric analysis. Empirical Research in Vocational Education and Training, 12, 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40461-020-00100-0

Carless, D. (2020). Longitudinal perspectives on students’ experiences of feedback: A need for teacher–student partnerships. Higher Education Research & Development, 39(3), 425-438. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2019.1684455

Casanova, V. S., & Paguia Jr, W. M. (2022). Employability and job performance of graduates of Occidental Mindoro State College Graduate School. Higher Education Studies, 12(2), 193-198. https://doi.org/10.5539/hes.v12n2p193

Cascio, J. (2020). Facing the age of chaos. Medium.

Cattell, R. B. (1966). The scree test for the number of factors. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1(2), 245-276. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr0102_10

Chala, F. M., & Bouranta, N. (2021). Soft skills enhance employee contextual performance: The case of the maritime industry. KnE Social Sciences, 5(9), 126-138. https://knepublishing.com/index.php/KnE-Social/article/view/9890

Chang, C. Y., Panjaburee, P., Lin, H. C., Lai, C. L., & Hwang, G. H. (2022). Effects of online strategies on students’ learning performance, self-efficacy, self-regulation and critical thinking in university online courses. Educational Technology Research and Development, 70, 185-204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-021-10071-y

Colaizzi, P. F. (1978). Psychological research as the phenomenologist views it. In R. Valle & M. King (Eds.), Existential phenomenological alternatives for psychology (pp. 48–710). Oxford University Press.

Costello, A. B., & Osborne, J. W. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, 10(7), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.7275/jyj1-4868

Cuadra, L. J., Aure, M. R. K. L., & Gonzaga, G. L. (2019). The use of tracer study in improving undergraduate programs in the university. Asia Pacific Higher Education Research Journal, 6(1), 13-25.

Dare, E. A., Keratithamkul, K., Hiwatig, B. M., & Li, F. (2021). Beyond content: The role of STEM disciplines, real-world problems, 21st century skills, and STEM careers within science teachers’ conceptions of integrated STEM education. Education Sciences, 11(11), 737. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11110737

de Lange, P., O’Connell, B. T., Tharapos, M., Beatson, N., & Oosthuizen, H. (2023). Accounting graduate employability: Employer perspectives on skills and attributes of international graduates. Accounting Education, 32(3), 249-277. https://doi.org/10.1080/09639284.2022.2059383

Dela Cruz, J. L. (2022). Tracer study of graduate school graduates of a state higher education institution in the Philippines from 2016 to 2020. International Journal of Education and Literacy Studies, 10(2), 149-154. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijels.v.10n.2p.149

Delhom, I., Satorres, E., & Meléndez, J. C. (2020). Can we improve emotional skills in older adults? Emotional intelligence, life satisfaction, and resilience. Psychosocial Intervention, 29(3), 133-139. https://doi.org/10.5093/pi2020a8

Desjardins, R. (2019). The labour market benefits of adult education from a global perspective. International Review of Education, 65(6), 955-973. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11159-019-09813-1

Erdoğan, V. (2019). Integrating 4C skills of 21st century into 4 language skills in EFL classes. International Journal of Education and Research, 7(11), 113-124.

Extremera, N., Sánchez-Álvarez, N., & Rey, L. (2020). Pathways between ability emotional intelligence and subjective well-being: Bridging links through cognitive emotion regulation strategies. Sustainability, 12(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/su12052111

Falcó‐Pegueroles, A., Rodríguez‐Martín, D., Ramos‐Pozón, S., & Zuriguel‐Pérez, E. (2021). Critical thinking in nursing clinical practice, education and research: From attitudes to virtue. Nursing Philosophy, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/nup.12332

Fernandes, L., Gouveia, M. J., Silva, J. C., & Peixoto, F. (2021). ‘Positive education’: A professional learning programme to foster teachers’ resilience and well-being. In C. F. Mansfield (Ed.), Cultivating teacher resilience (pp. 103-124). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5963-1_7

Gabrielova, K., & Buchko, A. A. (2021). Here comes Generation Z: Millennials as managers. Business Horizons, 64(4), 489-499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2021.02.013

Gentova, C. S., Madrigal, D. V., & Bual, J. M. (2023). A tracer study of the graduate of education graduate programs 2018-2022 of the University of Negros Occidental-Recoletos Graduate School. Technium Social Sciences Journal, 47, 77-101. https://doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v47i1.9512

Gomez-del Rio, T., & Rodriguez, J. (2022). Design and assessment of a project-based learning in a laboratory for integrating knowledge and improving engineering design skills. Education for Chemical Engineers, 40, 17-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ece.2022.04.002

Gore, J., & Rosser, B. (2022). Beyond content-focused professional development: Powerful professional learning through genuine learning communities across grades and subjects. Professional Development in Education, 48(2), 218-232. https://doi.org/10.1080/19415257.2020.1725904

Hargie, O. (2021). Skilled interpersonal communication: Research, theory and practice. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003182269

Hewitt, J. P. (2020). 22 The social construction of self-esteem. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 135-147). Oxford University Press.

Hutcheson, G. D., & Sofroniou, N. (1999). The multivariate social scientist: Introductory statistics using generalized linear models. SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9780857028075

İlter, İ. (2020). Exploring factors encouraging teachers’ pursuit of postgraduate education and barriers that impeded their postgraduate education. Educational Administration: Theory and Practice, 26(4), 905-944. https://kuey.net/index.php/kuey/article/view/32/27

Jolliffe, I. T., & Cadima, J. (2016). Principal component analysis: A review and recent developments. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 374. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2015.0202

Jones-Teti, J., Boyd, L. D., & LaSpina, L. (2021). Career paths and satisfaction of dental hygienists holding master’s and doctoral degrees. American Dental Hygienists' Association, 95(6), 54-62.

Joshi, A. (2023). Role of personality development programs in enhancing employability of youth: An empirical study. Elementary Education Online, 20(5), 8758-8765. https://ilkogretim-online.org/index.php/pub/article/view/3997

Kai Liao, Y., Wu, W. Y., Dao, T. C., & Ngoc Luu, T. M. (2021). The influence of emotional intelligence and cultural adaptability on cross-cultural adjustment and performance with the mediating effect of cross-cultural competence: A study of expatriates in Taiwan. Sustainability, 13(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063374

Kaiser, H. F. (1960). The application of electronic computers to factor analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20(1), 141-151. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316446002000116

Kaiser, H. F. (1970). A second-generation little jiffy. Psychometrika, 35(4), 401-415. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02291817

Kalaw, M. T. B. (2019). Tracer study of Bachelor of Science in Mathematics. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 8(3), 537-548. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v8i3.17434

Kayyali, M. (2024). Career development in higher education: Best practices and innovations. In B. Christiansen & A. M. Even (Eds.), Advancing student employability through higher education (pp. 1-19). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-0517-1.ch001

Kioupi, V., & Voulvoulis, N. (2019). Education for sustainable development: A systemic framework for connecting the SDGs to educational outcomes. Sustainability, 11(21). https://doi.org/10.3390/su11216104

Lapitan, L. D., Tiangco, C. E., Sumalinog, D. A. G., Sabarillo, N. S., & Diaz, J. M. (2021). An effective blended online teaching and learning strategy during the COVID-19 pandemic. Education for Chemical Engineers, 35, 116-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ece.2021.01.012

Lee, S. W., & Lee, E. A. (2020). Teacher qualification matters: The association between cumulative teacher qualification and students’ educational attainment. International Journal of Educational Development, 77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2020.102218

Lewandowska, A., & Stopa, M. (2020). The impact of innovative professional qualifications on the sense of employment security: Evidence from Poland. Economics & Sociology, 13(3), 72-83. https://www.economics-sociology.eu/?763,en_the-impact-of-innovative-professional-qualifications-on-the-sense-of-employment-security-evidence-from-poland

MacPhail, A., Ulvik, M., Guberman, A., Czerniawski, G., Oolbekkink-Marchand, H., & Bain, Y. (2019). The professional development of higher education-based teacher educators: Needs and realities. Professional development in education, 45(5), 848-861. https://doi.org/10.1080/19415257.2018.1529610

Majid, S., Eapen, C. M., Aung, E. M., & Oo, K. T. (2019). The importance of soft skills for employability and career development: Students and employers' perspectives. IUP Journal of Soft Skills, 13(4), 7-39. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3796720

Martin-Rojas, R., Garcia-Morales, V. J., & Gonzalez-Alvarez, N. (2019). Technological antecedents of entrepreneurship and its consequences for organizational performance. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 147, 22-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2019.06.018

Mgaiwa, S. J. (2021). Fostering graduate employability: Rethinking Tanzania’s university practices. SAGE Open, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211006709

Misni, F., Mahmood, N., & Jamil, R. (2020). The effect of curriculum design on the employability competency of Malaysian graduates. Management Science Letters, 10(4), 909-914. http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2019.10.005

Mohamed Hashim, M. A., Tlemsani, I., & Matthews, R. (2022). Higher education strategy in digital transformation. Education and Information Technologies, 27(3), 3171-3195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10739-1

Moore, R. L. (2020). Developing lifelong learning with heutagogy: Contexts, critiques, and challenges. Distance Education, 41(3), 381-401. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2020.1766949

Mydin, F., & Surat, S. (2021). Research capability: Early-career academics' perception of doctoral studies. European Journal of Educational Research, 10(4), 1893-1905. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.10.4.1893

Myovella, G., Karacuka, M., & Haucap, J. (2020). Digitalization and economic growth: A comparative analysis of Sub-Saharan Africa and OECD economies. Telecommunications Policy, 44(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2019.101856

Ojala, K., Isopahkala-Bouret, U., & Varhelahti, M. (2021). Adult graduates’ employability and mid-career trajectories after graduation with Finnish UAS master’s degree. Journal of Education and Work, 34(1), 67-80. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639080.2021.1875125

Palvia, S., Aeron, P., Gupta, P., Mahapatra, D., Parida, R., Rosner, R., & Sindhi, S. (2018). Online education: Worldwide status, challenges, trends, and implications. Journal of Global Information Technology Management, 21(4), 233-241. https://doi.org/10.1080/1097198X.2018.1542262

Pham, P. T., Thi Phan, T. T., Nguyen, Y. C., & Hoang, A. D. (2023). Factor associated with teacher satisfaction and online teaching effectiveness under adversity situations: A case of Vietnamese teachers during COVID-19. Journal of Education, 203(3), 605-615. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220574211039483

Piaget, J. (1964). Cognitive development in children. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 2(2), 176-186. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.3660020306

Rahmawati, Y., Taylor, E., Taylor, P. C., Ridwan, A., & Mardiah, A. (2022). Students’ engagement in education as sustainability: Implementing an ethical dilemma-STEAM teaching model in chemistry learning. Sustainability, 14(6), 3554. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063554

Reotutar, M. A., Riboroso, R. A., Llagas, R. M., & Taban, J. G. (2023). Employment of the Master of Arts in Mathematics Education graduates of a University in Northern Philippines. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 2(3), 226-240. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8352963

Reusia, D. H. R., Danilo Jr, V. R., & Andres, K. P. (2020). Science education graduates of a state university from 2008-2018: A tracer study. The Normal Lights, 14(1), 56-79. https://doi.org/10.56278/tnl.v14i1.1496

Setti, I., Sommovigo, V., & Argentero, P. (2020). Enhancing expatriates’ assignments success: The relationships between cultural intelligence, cross-cultural adaptation and performance. Current Psychology, 41, 4291-4311. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00931-w

Singh Dubey, R., Paul, J., & Tewari, V. (2022). The soft skills gap: A bottleneck in the talent supply in emerging economies. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 33(13), 2630-2661. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2020.1871399

Statista. (2024). Median monthly wage rate of time-rated full-time workers Philippines 2018-2022. Statista.

Tampubolon, R., Lumbanraja, P., & Silalahi, A. S. (2021). The effect of emotional intelligence and spiritual intelligence on job satisfaction with social interaction is a moderate variable in PT Bank Tabungan Negara Medan Branch. International Journal of Research and Review, 8(3), 715-730.

Tan, C. Y., Liu, P., & Wong, W. L. V. (2020). Different patterns of relationships between principal leadership and 15-year-old students’ science learning: How school resources, teacher quality, and school socioeconomic status make a difference. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 2257. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02257

Tomlinson, M., & Nghia, T. L. H. (2020). An overview of the current policy and conceptual landscape of graduate employability. In T. L. H. Nghia (Ed.), Developing and utilizing employability capitals: Graduates’ strategies across labour markets (pp. 1-17). Routledge. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003004660-1

Wang, X., & Cheng, Z. (2020). Cross-sectional studies: strengths, weaknesses, and recommendations. Chest, 158(1)( Supplement), S65-S71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.03.012

Webber, K. L., Krylow, R. B., & Zhang, Q. (2013). Does involvement really matter? Indicators of college student success and satisfaction. Journal of College Student Development, 54(6), 591-611. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2013.0090

Wheelahan, L., Moodie, G., & Doughney, J. (2022). Challenging the skills fetish. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 43(3), 475-494. https://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2022.2045186

Wiliam, D. (2018). Feedback: At the heart of—but definitely not all of—formative assessment. In A. A. Lipnevich & J. K. Smith (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of instructional feedback (pp. 3–28). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316832134.003

Yeung, K. Y., & Ruzzo, W. L. (2001). Principal component analysis for clustering gene expression data. Bioinformatics, 17(9), 763-774. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/17.9.763

Zawawi, B., Al-Abri, M., Ismeail, H., & Hinton, R. (2023). Learning to learn and learning to be: Development of real-world competency-based education. In EdMedia+ Innovate Learning (pp. 611-619). Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education. https://www.learntechlib.org/primary/p/222556/

Downloads

Published

2024-08-01

Issue

Section

JOURNAL PAPERS

How to Cite

Dimensions of program relevance towards employment success: Evidence from a graduate tracer study using principal component analysis. (2024). Journal of Teaching and Learning for Graduate Employability, 15(1), 205-224. https://doi.org/10.21153/jtlge2024vol15no1art1895