Adieu, Principes Humanitaires
Nouveaux principes pour un nouvel environnement
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.21153/thl2019volno0art1032Mots-clés :
humanitarian principles, humanitarian action, emergenciesRésumé
Depuis plus de 150 ans, l’aide de la communauté internationale aux personnes
touchées par divers crises à caractère humanitaire a été guidée par quatre princi-pes
clairs et concis : l’humanité, l’impartialité, la neutralité et l’indépendance. Ceux-ci
n’ont pas uniquement guidé les réponses de la communauté internationale face aux
catastrophes d’origine naturelle ou humaine, ils ont aussi façonné de manière plus
générale le système humanitaire. La genèse de ces quatre principes humanitaires se
trouve dans la description de la sanglante bataille de Solférino faite par Henry Dunant en 1859. Ce témoignage a mené à la création de la Croix-Rouge et à la première Con-vention
de Genève, qui ensemble ont donné naissance aux principes humanitaires.
Ces derniers ont été conçus pour diriger les travaux du Comité international de la
Croix-Rouge, mais ils ont depuis remporté l’adhésion presque universelle du secteur
humanitaire et ont été utilisés par ceux qui répondent aux crises humanitaires pour
justifier l’action autant que l’inaction. Bien qu’ils aient été importants et nécessaires à
l’époque de leur création, l’évolution du secteur humanitaire, ainsi que la complexité
et l’intensité croissantes des crises humanitaires, exigent que l’on réexamine leur per-tinence
et leur utilité. Cet article soutient que ces quatre principes ne sont désormais
plus adaptés à leurs rôles pour guider et façonner les actions humanitaires de la com-munauté
internationale. Nous proposons à leur place quatre nouveaux principes qui
dirigeraient plus efficacement l’action humanitaire dans le contexte actuel : l’équité,
la solidarité, la compassion et la diversité. Nous abordons la complexité accrue des
urgences humanitaires modernes et le déclin subséquent de la pertinence de chacun
de ces quatre principes, avant d’étudier les quatre nouveaux principes proposés
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