From we ask to iASK: a self-reflection strategy that enables students to connect assessment and employability
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21153/jtlge2023vol14no1art1654Abstract
Most students acknowledge shared responsibility, with the university, for their employability development. Many academics use assessments as the main driver for motivating students to learn. At the intersection between employability, assessment and learning, the emergent research question is - what are the mechanisms by which course-based employability is fostered? Prior research reveals that although academics identified course-based assessment as the key employability mechanism, neither students nor employers registered this conceptualisation, and thus purpose of assessment. The aim of this research was to stimulate and communicate the direct connection between assessment and employability to students and interpret their response. Over 100 first-year students, across a metropolitan and regional Australian university, participated. Students were directed to use a simple reflective tool, dubbed iASK by the researchers, that probed employability elements of identity, Attributes, Skills, and Knowledge. The research revealed the resulting student view that regular course-based assessment can develop their employability skills in communication and independence, but not in critical thinking and global citizenship.
Metrics
References
Aasheim, C. L., Li, L., & Williams, S. (2009). Knowledge and Skill Requirements for Entry-Level Information Technology Workers: A Comparison of Industry and Academia. Journal of Information Systems Education, 20(3), 349-356. https://aisel.aisnet.org/jise/vol20/iss3/10
Aitken, A., & Thompson, D. G. (2018). Using software to engage design students in academic writing. International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 28(3), 885-898. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10798-017-9413-4
Ajjawi, R., Tai, J., Nghia, T. L. H., Boud, D., Johnson, L., & Patrick, C.-J. (2019). Aligning assessment with the needs of work-integrated learning: the challenges of authentic assessment in a complex context. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 45(2), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/02602938.2019.1639613
Ashford-Rowe, K., Herrington, J., & Brown, C. (2014). Establishing the critical elements that determine authentic assessment. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 39(2), 205-222. https://doi.org/10.1080/02602938.2013.819566
Barrie, S. C. (2006). Understanding What We Mean by the Generic Attributes of Graduates. Higher Education, 51(2), 215-241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-004-6384-7
Bennett, D., Knight, E., Divan, A., Kuchel, L., Horn, J., van Reyk, D., & Burke da Silva, K. (2017). How do research-intensive universities portray employability strategies? A review of their websites. Australian Journal of Career Development, 26(2), 52-61. https://doi.org/10.1177/1038416217714475
Bloom, B. S., Engelhart, M. D., Furst, E. J., Hill, W. H., & Krathwohl, D. R. (1956). Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: The Classification of Educational Goals. Longmans.
Boud, D. (2007). Reframing assessment as if learning were important. In D. Boud & N. Falchikov (Eds.), Rethinking Assessment in Higher Education (1st ed.). Routledge.
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Butt, A. (2017). Quantification of Influences on Student Perceptions of Group Work. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3001625
Byrne, Z. S., Weston, J. W., & Cave, K. (2020). Development of a Scale for Measuring Students’ Attitudes Towards Learning Professional (i.e., Soft) Skills. Research in Science Education, 50(4), 1417-1433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-018-9738-3
Carless, D. (2017). Scaling up assessment for learning: progress and prospects. In D. Carless, S. M. Bridges, C. Ka Yuk Chan, & R. Glofcheski (Eds.), Scaling up assessment for learning in higer education (pp. 3-18). Springer.
Clark, T. M., Ricciardo, R., & Weaver, T. (2016). Transitioning from Expository Laboratory Experiments to Course-Based Undergraduate Research in General Chemistry. Journal of Chemical Education, 93(1), 56-63. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.5b00371
Clarke, M. (2018). Rethinking graduate employability: the role of capital, individual attributes and context. Studies in Higher Education, 43(11), 1923-1937. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2017.1294152
Cook, E. (2022). A narrative review of graduate employability models: their paradigms, and relationships to teaching and curricula. Journal of Teaching and Learning for Graduate Employability, 13(1), 37-64. https://doi.org/10.21153/jtlge2022vol13no1art1483
Crisp, G. T. (2012). Integrative assessment: reframing assessment practice for current and future learning. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 37(1), 33-43. https://doi.org/10.1080/02602938.2010.494234
Dacre Pool, L., & Sewell, P. (2007). The key to employability: developing a practical model of graduate employability. Education + Training, 49(4), 277-289. https://doi.org/10.1108/00400910710754435
David, I., & Brown, J. A. (2012). Beyond statistical methods: teaching critical thinking to first-year university students. International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology, 43(8), 1057-1065. https://doi.org/10.1080/0020739X.2012.678901
Dearing, R. (1997). Higher education in the learning society [Dearing report] (1858382548 (report of the National Committee)). http://www.leeds.ac.uk/educol/ncihe/
Doyle, E. (2011). Career Development Needs of Low Socio-Economic Status University Students. Australian Journal of Career Development, 20(3), 56-65. https://doi.org/10.1177/103841621102000309
Farenga, S. A., & Quinlan, K. M. (2016). Classifying university employability strategies: three case studies and implications for practice and research. Journal of Education and Work, 29(7), 767-787. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639080.2015.1064517
Forbes, K. (2018). Exploring First Year Undergraduate Students’ Conceptualizations of Critical Thinking Skills. International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, 30(3), 433-442.
Gray, F. E., Emerson, L., & MacKay, B. (2005). Meeting the Demands of the Workplace: Science Students and Written Skills. Journal of Science Education and Techology, 14(4), 425-435. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10956-005-8087-y
Hanna, P., Allen, A., Kane, R., Anderson, N., McGowan, A., Collins, M., & Hutchison, M. (2015). Building professionalism and employability skills: embedding employer engagement within first-year computing modules. Computer Science Education, 25(3), 292-310. https://doi.org/10.1080/08993408.2015.1085626
Harris-Reeves, B., & Mahoney, J. (2017). Brief work-integrated learning opportunities and first-year university students’ perceptions of employability and academic performance. Australian Journal of Career Development, 26(1), 32-37. https://doi.org/10.1177/1038416217697974
Hattie, J. (2009). The black box of tertiary assessment: An impending revolution. In L. H. Meyer, S. Davidson, H. Anderson, R. Fletcher, P. M. Johnson, & M. Rees (Eds.), Tertiary Assessment & Higher Education Student Outcomes: Policy, Practice & Research (pp. 259-275). Ako Aotearoa.
Hill, M. A., Overton, T. L., & Thompson, C. D. (2020). Evaluating the impact of reflecting on curriculum-embedded skill development: the experience of science undergraduates. Higher Education Research & Development, 39(4), 672-688. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2019.1690432
Hill, M. A., Overton, T. L., Thompson, C. D., Kitson, R. R. A., & Coppo, P. (2019). Undergraduate recognition of curriculum-related skill development and the skills employers are seeking. Chemistry Education Research and Practice, 20(1), 68-84. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8RP00105G
Hinchliffe, G. W., & Jolly, A. (2011). Graduate identity and employability. British Educational Research Journal, 37(4), 563-584. https://doi.org/10.1080/01411926.2010.482200
Holmes, L. (2001). Reconsidering Graduate Employability: The 'graduate identity' approach. Quality in Higher Education, 7(2), 111-119. https://doi.org/10.1080/13538320120060006
Holmes, L. (2013). Competing perspectives on graduate employability: possession, position or process? Studies in Higher Education, 38(4), 538-554. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2011.587140
Hughes, C., & Barrie, S. (2010). Influences on the assessment of graduate attributes in higher education. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 35(3), 325-334. https://doi.org/10.1080/02602930903221485
Jorre de St Jorre, T., Elliot, J., Johnson, E., D., & Bisset, S. (2019). Science students’ conceptions of factors that will differentiate them in the graduate employment market. Journal of Teaching and Learning for Graduate Employability, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.21153/jtlge2019vol10no1art795
Jorre de St Jorre, T., & Oliver, B. (2018). Want students to engage? Contextualise graduate learning outcomes and assess for employability. Higher Education Research & Development, 37(1), 44-57. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2017.1339183
Kinash, S., Crane, L., Judd, M.-M., & Knight, C. (2016). Discrepant stakeholder perspectives on graduate employability strategies. Higher Education Research & Development, 35(5), 951-967. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2016.1139555
Kinash, S., McGillivray, L., & Crane, L. (2018). Do university students, alumni, educators and employers link assessment and graduate employability? Higher Education Research & Development, 37(2), 301-315. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2017.1370439
Kirschner, P. A. (1992). Epistemology, practical work and Academic skills in science education. Science & Education, 1(3), 273-299. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00430277
Knight, P., & Yorke, M. (2003a). Assessment, learning and employability. Open University Press. http://www.mcgraw-hill.co.uk/openupusa/html/0335212298.html
Knight, P., & Yorke, M. (2003b). Learning, Curriculum and Employability in Higher Education. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203465271
Lock, E., & Kelly, K. (2022). Gateways Not Pathways: Student Perceptions of the Portals to Employability. Journal of Teaching and Learning for Graduate Employability, 13(1), 65-78. https://doi.org/10.21153/jtlge2022vol13no1art1499
Milliken, H., Dean, B., & Eady, M. J. (2021). The value of embedding work-integrated learning and other transitionary supports into the first year curriculum: Perspectives of first year subject coordinators. Journal of Teaching and Learning for Graduate Employability, 12(2), 51-64. https://doi.org/10.21153/jtlge2021vol12no2art979
Nilsson, S. (2010). Enhancing individual employability: the perspective of engineering graduates. Education + Training, 52(6/7), 540-551. https://doi.org/10.1108/00400911011068487
Oliver, B. (2013). Graduate attributes as a focus for institution-wide curriculum renewal: innovations and challenges. Higher Education Research & Development, 32(3), 450-463. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2012.682052
Oliver, B., & Jorre de St Jorre, T. (2018). Graduate attributes for 2020 and beyond: recommendations for Australian higher education providers. Higher Education Research & Development, 37(4), 821-836. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2018.1446415
Palacios-Hidalgo, F. J., Gómez-Parra, M. E., Espejo-Mohedano, R., & Huertas-Abril, C. A. (2021). Employment, work abroad and bilingual education: Spanish bilinguals graduates’ self-perceived employability, mobility and intercultural competence. Journal of Teaching and Learning for Graduate Employability, 12(2), 279-298. https://ojs.deakin.edu.au/index.php/jtlge/article/view/1077
Pigden, L., & Jegede, F. (2020). Thematic analysis of the learning experience of joint honours students: their perception of teaching quality, value for money and employability. Studies in Higher Education, 45(8), 1650-1663. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2019.1661985
Qenani, E., MacDougall, N., & Sexton, C. (2014). An empirical study of self-perceived employability: Improving the prospects for student employment success in an uncertain environment. Active Learning in Higher Education, 15(3), 199-213. https://doi.org/10.1177/1469787414544875
Reid, A., Richards, A., & Willox, D. (2021). Connecting experiences to employability through a meaning-making approach to learning. Journal of Teaching and Learning for Graduate Employability, 12(2), 99-113. https://doi.org/10.21153/jtlge2021vol12no2art1013
Rummey, C., Clemons, T. D., & Spagnoli, D. (2019). The impact of several demographic factors on chemistry laboratory anxiety and self-efficacy in students’ first year of university. Student Success, 10(1), 87-98. https://doi.org/10.5204/ssj.v10i1.1104
Sadler, D. R. (2010). Beyond feedback: developing student capability in complex appraisal. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 35(5), 535-550. https://doi.org/10.1080/02602930903541015
Sambell, R., Andrew, L., Devine, A., Darby, J., Beatty, S., & Godrich, S. (2021). Opportunities to identify and develop people skills: What university students need early in their degree journey. Journal of Teaching and Learning for Graduate Employability, 12(2), 348-365. https://ojs.deakin.edu.au/index.php/jtlge/article/view/1481
Sarkar, M., Gibson, S., Karim, N., Rhys-Jones, D., & Ilic, D. (2021). Exploring the use of self-assessment to facilitate health students’ generic skills development. Journal of Teaching and Learning for Graduate Employability, 12(2), 65-81. https://doi.org/10.21153/jtlge2021vol12no2art976
Sarkar, M., Overton, T., Thompson, C. D., & Rayner, G. (2020). Academics’ perspectives of the teaching and development of generic employability skills in science curricula. Higher Education Research & Development, 39(2), 346-361. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2019.1664998
Schech, S., Kelton, M., Carati, C., & Kingsmill, V. (2017). Simulating the global workplace for graduate employability. Higher Education Research & Development, 36(7), 1476-1489. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2017.1325856
Springer, L., Stanne, M. E., & Donovan, S. S. (1999). Effects of Small-Group Learning on Undergraduates in Science, Mathematics, Engineering, and Technology: A Meta-Analysis. Review of Educational Research, 69(1), 21-51. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543069001021
Star, C., & Hammer, S. (2008). Teaching generic skills: eroding the higher purpose of universities, or an opportunity for renewal? Oxford Review of Education, 34(2), 237-251. https://doi.org/10.1080/03054980701672232
Steur, J. M., Jansen, E. P. W. A., & Hofman, W. H. A. (2012). Graduateness: an empirical examination of the formative function of university education. Higher Education, 64(6), 861-874. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-012-9533-4
Tomlinson, M. (2008). ‘The degree is not enough’: students’ perceptions of the role of higher education credentials for graduate work and employability. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 29(1), 49-61. https://doi.org/10.1080/01425690701737457
Tymon, A. (2013). The student perspective on employability. Studies in Higher Education, 38(6), 841-856. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2011.604408
Volkov, A., & Volkov, M. (2015). Teamwork benefits in tertiary education. Education + Training, 57(3), 262-278. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-02-2013-0025
Walker, J. P., Sampson, V., & Zimmerman, C. O. (2011). Argument-Driven Inquiry: An Introduction to a New Instructional Model for Use in Undergraduate Chemistry Labs. Journal of Chemical Education, 88(8), 1048-1056. https://doi.org/10.1021/ed100622h
Wass, R., Harland, T., & Mercer, A. (2011). Scaffolding critical thinking in the zone of proximal development. Higher Education Research & Development, 30(3), 317-328. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2010.489237